CMI is developing models of global
biogeochemical cycles driven by MITgcm. Our main aims are to:
A Selection of Current CMI/ Biogeochemical Modeling Projects:
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Publications:
In press:
Bragg, J., S. Dutkiewicz, Oliver Jahn, M.J. Follows, and
S.W. Chisholm (2010) Modeling selective pressures on
phytoplankton in the global ocean. Accepted for publication
in PLoSone
McGuire, A.D., D.J.Hayes, D.W.Kicklighter, M.Manizza,
Q.Zhuang, M.Chen, M.J.Follows, K.R.Gurney, J.W.McClelland,
J.M.Melillo, B.J.Peterson and R.G.Prinn (2010) An analysis
of the carbon balance of the Arctic Basin from 1997 to 2006.
Submitted to Tellus.
Hickman, A. E., S. Dutkiewicz, R. G. Williams and M. J.
Follows (2010) Modelling the effects of chromatic adaptation
on phytoplankton community structure in the oligotrophic
ocean. Submitted to MEPS.
Omta, A.-W., P.A. Goodwin and M.J. Follows (2010)
Multiple regimes of air-sea carbon partitioning identified
from constant-alkalinity buffer factors. Submitted to Global
Biogeochemical Cycles.
Published:
Barton, A.D., S. Dutkiewicz, G. Flierl, J. Bragg, and M.J.
Follows, 2010:
Patterns of Diversity in Marine Phytoplankton.
Science, 10.1126/science.1184961.
(Science Express Reports)
2009
Anderson, T., and M.J. Follows (2009) Representing
plankton functional types in ocean general circulation
models: competition, tradeoffs and self-organizing
architecture. Submitted to IEEE Proceedings (ICECCS 2010
Special Session: Complex Systems Modelling and Simulation).
Dutkiewicz, S., M. J. Follows, and J. G. Bragg, 2009:
Modeling the coupling of ocean ecology and biogeochemistry,
Global Biogeochem. Cycles , 23, GB4017,
doi:10.1029/2008GB003405.
PDF
Ullman, D. J., G. A. McKinley, V. Bennington, and S.
Dutkiewicz, 2009:
Trends in the North Atlantic carbon sink: 1992-2006,
Global Biogeochem. Cycles , 23, GB4011,
doi:10.1029/2008GB003383.
PDF
Manizza, M., M. J. Follows, S. Dutkiewicz, J. W.
McClelland, D. Menemenlis,
C.N. Hill, A. Townsend-Small, and B. J. Peterson, 2009:
Modeling transport and fate of riverine dissolved organic
carbon in the Arctic Ocean,
Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 23, GB4006,
doi:10.1029/2008GB003396.
PDF
Bennington,V., G. A. McKinley, S. Dutkiewicz, and D.
Ullman, 2009:
What does chlorophyll variability tell us about export and
air-sea CO2 flux variability in the North Atlantic?
Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 23, GB3002,
doi:10.1029/2008GB003241.
PDF
Gruber, N., M. Gloor, S.E. Mikaloff-Fletcher, S.C. Doney,
S. Dutkiewicz, M. Follows, M. Gerber,
A.R. Jacobson, F. Joos, K. Lindsay, D. Menemenlis, A.
Moucheta S.A. Muller, J. L. Sarmiento,
and T. Takahashi, 2009:
Oceanic sources, sinks and transport of atmospheric CO2.
Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 23, GB1005,
doi:10.1029/2008GB003349.
PDF
Goebel, N., C.A. Edwards, J.P. Zehr and M.J. Follows
(2009) An emergent community ecosystem model applied to the
California Current System Submitted to J. Marine Sys.
Monteiro, F., M.J. Follows and S. Dutkiewicz (2009)
Distribution of diverse nitrogen fixers in the global ocean.
Submitted to Global Biogeochemical Cycles.
Verdy, A., M. Follows and G. Flierl (2009) Evolution of
phytoplankton cell size in an allometric model. Marine
Ecology Progress Series, 379, 1-12
pdf
Goodwin, P., R.G. Williams, A. Ridgewell and M.J. Follows
(2009) Climate sensitivity of the carbon cycle to past and
future changes in ocean chemistry. Nature Geoscience,
doi:10.1038/ngeo416
pdf
2008
Cermeno, P., S. Dutkiewicz, R. Harris, M.J. Follows, O.
Schofield, P. Falkowski (2008) The role of nutricline depth in
regulating the ocean carbon cycle. PNAS 105(51), 20344-20349,
doi: 10.1073/pnas.0811302106
pdf
Goodwin, P.A., M.J. Follows and R.G. Williams (2008)
Analytical relationships between atmospheric carbon dioxide,
carbon emissions and ocean processes. Global Biogeochem. Cycles,
22, GB3030, doi:10.1029/2008GB003184
pdf
Marinov, I., A. Gnanadesikan, J. L. Sarmiento, J. R.
Toggweiler, M. Follows, and B. K. Mignone (2008), Impact of
oceanic circulation on biological carbon storage in the ocean
and atmospheric pCO2, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 22, GB3007,
doi:10.1029/2007GB002958.
pdf
Marinov, I., M.Follows, A.Gnanadesikan, J.L.Sarmiento, and
R.D.Slater (2008) How does ocean biology affect atmospheric
pCO2? Theory and models J. Geophys. Res., 113, C07032, doi:
10.1029/2007JC004598.
pdf
Berman-Frank, I., Y.-B. Chen, Y. Gao, K. Fennel, M.J.
Follows, A. Milligan and P. Falkowski (2008) Feedbacks between
the nitrogen, oxygen and carbon cycles. Chapter in Nitrogen
in the Marine Environment , editors Capone, D. G., D. A.
Bronk, M. R. Mulholland and E.J. Carpenter. Elsevier, pp.
1537-1557.
pdf
Hansell, D., and M.J. Follows (2008) Nitrogen in the Atlantic
Ocean. Chapter in Nitrogen in the Marine Environment ,
editors Capone, D. G., D. A. Bronk, M. R. Mulholland and E.J.
Carpenter. Elsevier, pp. 597-623.
pdf
2007
Boyd, P.W., T. Jickells, C.S. Law, S. Blain, E.A. Boyle, K.O.
Buesseler, K.H. Coale, J.J. Cullen, H.J.W. de Baar, M.J.
Follows, M. Harvey, C. Lancelot, M. Levasseur, R. Pollard, R.B.
Rivkin, J. Sarmiento, V. Schoemann, V. Smetacek, S. Takeda, A.
Tsuda, S. Turner, A.J. Watson (2007) A synthesis of mesoscale
iron-enrichment experiments 1993-2005: key findings and
implications for ocean biogeochemistry. Science, 315: 612-617 [DOI:
10.1126/science.1131669].
Follows, M.J., S. Dutkiewicz, S. Grant and S.W. Chisholm
(2007) Emergent biogeography of microbial communities in a model
ocean. Science, 315, 1843-1846, [DOI: 10.1126/science.1138544]:
Link to abstract and
link to full text.
Friis, K., R. Najjar, M.J. Follows, S. Dutkiewicz, A.
Kortziner, and K. M. Johnson, 2007:
Dissolution of calcium carbonate: observations and model
results in the subpolar North Atlantic.
Biogeosciences , 4, 205-213.
LINK
Goodwin, P., R.G. Williams, M.J. Follows, and S.
Dutkiewicz, 2007:
The Ocean-Atmosphere Partitioning of Anthropogenic Carbon
Dioxide on Centennial Timescales.
Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 21, GB1014,
doi:10.1029/2006GB002810.
PDF
Hood, R.A., E.A. Laws, M.J. Follows and D.A. Siegel (2007)
Modeling and prediction of microbial populations in the genomic
era. Oceanography, 20, 155-165.
pdf
Mikaloff Fletcher, S.E., N.P. Gruber, A.R. Jacobson, M.
Gloor, S.C. Doney, S. Dutkiewicz,
M. Gerber, M. Follows, K. Lindsay, D. Menemenlis, A. Mouchet,
S.A. Muller, and J. Sarmiento, 2007:
Inverse estimates of the oceanic sources and sinks of
natural CO2 in and their implied oceanic transport.
Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 21, GB1010,
doi:10.1029/2006GB002751.
PDF
Najjar, R.G., X. Jin, F. Louanchi, O. Aumont, K. Caldeira, S.
C. Doney, J.-C. Dutay, M. Follows, N. Gruber, F. Joos, K.
Lindsay, E. Maier-Reimer, R. J. Matear, K. Matsumoto, P. Monfray,
A. Mouchet, J. C. Orr, G. K. Plattner, J. L. Sarmiento, R.
Schlitzer, M. F. Weirig, Y. Yamanaka and A. Yool (2007) Impact
of circulation on export production, dissolved organic matter
and dissolved oxygen in the ocean: Results from OCMIP2. Global
Biogeochem. Cycles, 21, GB3007, doi:10.1029/2006GB002857.
pdf
Verdy, A., S. Dutkiewicz, M. J. Follows, J. Marshall, and A.
Czaja (2007), Carbon dioxide and oxygen fluxes in the Southern
Ocean: Mechanisms of interannual variability, Global Biogeochem.
Cycles, 21, GB2020, doi:10.1029/2006GB002916.
pdf
2006
Dutkiewicz, S., M. Follows, P. Heimbach, and J. Marshall,
2006:
Controls on ocean productivity and air-sea carbon flux: an
adjoint model sensitivity study.
Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L02603,
doi:10.1029/2005GL024987.
PDF
Follows, M., T. Ito and S. Dutkiewicz, 2006:
A Compact and Accurate Carbonate Chemistry Solver for Ocean
Biogeochemistry Models.
Ocean Modeling, 12, 290-301.
PDF
Follows, M.J., S. Dutkiewicz, and T. Ito (2006) On the
solution of the carbonate system in ocean biogeochemistry
models. Ocean Modelling, 12, 290-301.
pdf
Friis, K., R. Najjar, M.J. Follows, and S. Dutkiewicz,
2006:
Possible overestimation of shallow-depth calcium carbonate
dissolution in the ocean.
Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 20, GB4019,
doi:10.1029/2006GB002727.
PDF
Mikaloff Fletcher, S.E., N.P. Gruber, A.R. Jacobson, S.C.
Doney, S. Dutkiewicz, M. Follows,
K. Lindsay, D. Menemenlis, A. Mouchet, and J. Sarmiento,
2006:
Inverse estimates of anthropogenic CO2 uptake, transport,
and storage by the ocean.
Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 20, GB2002,
doi:10.1029/2005GB002530.
PDF
Parekh, P., S. Dutkiewicz, M. Follows, and T. Ito, 2006:
Atmospheric carbon dioxide in a less dusty world.
Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L03610,
doi:10.1029/2005GL025098.
PDF
Parekh, P., M. J. Follows, S. Dutkiewicz, and T. Ito,
2006:
Physical and biological regulation of the soft tissue carbon
pump.
Paleoceanography , 21, PA3001,
doi:10.1029/2005PA001258.
PDF
Rothstein, L.M., J.J. Cullen, M. Abbott, E.P.Chassignet, K.
Denman, S.C. Doney, H. Ducklow, K. Fennel, M. Follows, D.
Haidvogel, E. Hoffman, D.M. Karl, J. Kindle, I. Lima, M. Maltrud,
C. McClain, D. McGillicuddy, M.J. Olascoaga, Y. Spitz, J.
Wiggert and J. Yoder (2006) Modeling Ocean Ecosystems: The
PARADIGM Program. Oceanography, 19, 22-51.
pdf
Williams, R.G., V. Roussenov and M.J. Follows (2006)
Induction of nutrients into the mixed layer and maintenance of
high latitude productivity. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 20,
GB1016, doi:10.1029/2005GB002586.
pdf
2005
Dutkiewicz, S., M. Follows, and P. Parekh, 2005:
Interactions of the iron and phosphorus cycles: a
three-dimensional model study.
Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 19, GB1021,
doi:10.1029/2004GB002342.
PDF
Dutkiewicz, S.W., P. Parekh, T. Ito and M.J. Follows (2005)
Interactions of the iron and phosphorus cycles: A modelling
study. Global Biogeochem. Cycles. 19, GB1021,
doi:10.1029/2004GB002342
pdf
Fennel, K., M.J. Follows, and P. Falkowski (2005) The
co-evolution of the nitrogen, carbon and oxygen cycles in the
Proterozoic ocean. American Journal of Science, 305, 526-545.
pdf
Ito, T., P. Parekh, S. Dutkiewicz, and M. Follows, 2005:
The Antarctic Productivity Belt.
Geophysical Research Letters, 32,
doi:10.1029/2005GL023021.
PDF
Ito, T., and M.J. Follows (2005) Preformed phosphate, soft
tissue pump and atmospheric CO2. J. Marine Res., 63(4), 813-839,
DOI: 10.1357/0022240054663231
pdf
Parekh, P., M.J. Follows, and E.A. Boyle (2005) Decoupling of
iron and phosphate in the global ocean. Global Biogeochem.
Cycles. 19, GB2020, 10.1029/2004GB002280
pdf
2004
S.C. Doney, K. Lindsay, K. Caldeira, J.-M. Campin, H. Drange,
J.-C. Dutay, M. Follows, Y. Gao, A. Gnanadesikan, N. Gruber, A.
Ishida, F. Joos, G. Madec, E. Maier-Reimer, J.C. Marshall, R.J.
Matear, P. Monfray, A. Mouchet, R. Najjar, J.C. Orr, G.-K.
Plattner, J.L. Sarmiento, R. Schlitzer, R. Slater, I.J.
Totterdell, M.-F. Weirig, Y. Yamanaka, A. Yool (2004) Evaluating
global ocean carbon models: The importance of realistic physics,
Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 18, GB3017, doi:10.1029/2003GB002150.
pdf
Follows, M.J. and R.G.Williams (2004) Mechanisms controlling
the air-sea flux of CO2 in the North Atlantic. In "The Ocean
Carbon Cycle and Climate", NATO-ASI volume, Kluwer. eds. M.J.
Follows and T. Oguz.
pdf
Hill, C.N., V. Bugion, M.J. Follows and J.C. Marshall (2004)
Evaluating carbon sequestration efficiency in an ocean model
using adjoint sensitivity analysis. J. Geophys. Res., 109,
C11005, doi:10.1029/2002JC001598.
pdf
Ito, T., M.J. Follows and E.A. Boyle (2004) Is AOU a good
measure of respiration in the oceans? Geophys. Res. Lett., 31,
L17305, doi:10.1029/2004GL020900.
pdf
Ito, T., J.C. Marshall and M.J. Follows (2004) What controls
the uptake of transient tracers in the Southern Ocean? Global
Biogeochem. Cycles., 18, GB2021, doi:10.1029/2003GB002103
pdf
Matsumoto, K., J.L. Sarmiento, R.M. Key, O. Aumont, J.L.
Bullister, K. Caldeira, J.-M. Campin, S.C. Doney, H. Drange,
J.-C. Dutay, M. Follows, Y. Gao, A. Gnanadesikan, N. Gruber, A.
Ishida, F. Joos, K. Lindsay, E. Maier-Reimer, J.C. Marshall,
R.J. Matear, P. Monfray, R. Najjar, G.-K. Plattner, R. Schlitzer,
R. Slater, P.S. Swathi, I.J. Totterdell, M.-F. Weirig, Y.
Yamanaka, A. Yool, J.C. Orr (2004) Evaluation of ocean carbon
cycle models with data-based metrics, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31,
L07303, doi:10.1029/2003GL018970
pdf
McKinley, G., M.J. Follows and J.C. Marshall (2004)
Mechanisms of air-sea CO2 flux variability in the Equatorial
Pacific and the North Atlantic. Global Biogeochemical
Cycles, 18, doi:10.1029/2003GB002179
pdf
Parekh, P., M.J. Follows, and E.A. Boyle (2004a) Modeling the
global ocean iron cycle. Global Biogeochem. Cycles., 18, GB1002,
doi:10.1029/2003GB002061
pdf
Roussenov, V., R.G. Williams, M.J. Follows and R.M. Key
(2004) The role of bottom water transport and diapycnic mixing
in determining the radiocarbon distribution in the Pacific. J.
Geophys. Res. 109(C6), C06015, doi: 10.1029/2003JC002188.
pdf
2003
Ito, T., and M.J. Follows (2003) Upper ocean control on the
solubility pump of CO2. J. Marine Res., 61, 465-489.
pdf
McKinley, G., M.J. Follows, J.C. Marshall and S.-M. Fan
(2003) Interannual variability of air-sea O2 fluxes and the
determination of CO2 sinks using atmospheric O2/N2. Geophysical
Research Letters, 30(3), 1101, 10.1029/2002GL016044.
pdf
Williams, R.G. and M.J. Follows (2003) Physical transport of
nutrients and the maintenance of biological production, in Ocean
Biogeochemistry, edited by M.Fasham, Springer-Verlag.
pdf
2002
Dutay, J.-C., J. Bullister, S. Doney, J. Orr, R. Najjar, K.
Caldeira, J.-M. Champin, H. Drange, M. Follows, Y. Gao, N.
Gruber, D. Hecht, A. Ishida, F. Joos, K. Lindsay, Madec, E.
Maier-Reimer, J. Marshall, R. Matear, P. Monfray, Plattner, J.
Sarmiento, R. Schlitzer, R. Slater, I. Totterdell, M.F. Weirig,
Y. Yamanaka, , and A. Yool (2002) Evaluation of ocean model
ventilation with CFC-11: Comparison of 13 global ocean models.
Ocean Modelling, 4, 89-120.
pdf
Follows, M.J., T. Ito and J. Marotzke (2002) The oceans
subtropical gyres and atmospheric pCO2. Global Biogeochem.
Cycles., 16, 1113, doi:10.1029/2001GB001786
pdf
Follows, M.J. and S.W. Dutkiewicz (2002) Meteorological
modulation of the North Atlantic spring bloom. Deep-Sea Res. II,
49, 321-344.
pdf
Gildor, H, and M.J. Follows (2002) Two-way interactions
between ocean biota and climate mediated by biogeochemical
cycles. Israel Journal of Chemistry, 42, 15-27.
Zhang R., M.J. Follows and J.C. Marshall (2002) Mechanisms of
thermohaline mode switching with application to warm equable
climates. J. of Climate, Vol. 15, 2,056-2,072.
pdf
2001
Dutkiewicz, S.W., Follows, M.J., J.C. Marshall and W.W. Gregg
(2001) Interannual variability of phytoplankton abundance in the
North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res. II., 48, 2323-2344.
abstract,
pdf
Doney, S.C, I. Lima, K. Lindsay, J.K. Moore, S.
Dutkiewicz, M.A.M. Friedrichs and R.J. Matear, 2001:
Marine Biogeochemical Modeling.
Oceanography , 14-4, 93 -- 107.
Zhang R., M.J. Follows, J. Grotzinger and J.C. Marshall
(2001) Could the Late Permian, deep ocean have been Anoxic?
Paleoceanography, 16, 317-329.
pdf
2000
McKinley, G., M.J. Follows and J.C. Marshall (2000)
Interannual variability of oxygen fluxes in the North Atlantic.
Geophys. Res. Lett.,27, 2933-2936.
pdf
Williams, R.G., A. McLaren and M.J. Follows (2000)
Interannual variability in the convective and Ekman supply of
nitrate to the euphotic zone over the the North Atlantic. Global
Biogeochem. Cycles., 14, 1299-1313.
pdf
1999
Follows, M.J., D. Stammer and C. Wunsch (1999) Ventilation of
CFC-11 in a global ocean circulation model constrained by WOCE
data. International WOCE Newsletter, 35, 3-5.
abstract
1998
Williams R.G., and M.J. Follows (1998) Estimating new
production over the North Atlantic due to the climatological
Ekman supply of nutrients. Deep-Sea Res. , 45, 461-489.
pdf
1996
Follows, M.J., R.G. Williams, and J.C. Marshall (1996) The
solubility pump of carbon in the subtropical gyre of the North
Atlantic. J. Marine Res., 54, 605-630.
abstract
Follows, M.J. and J.C. Marshall (1996) On models of bomb 14C
in the North Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 22,577-22,582.
abstract
